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What the experts say:

鈥淭he best-case scenario according to the airfreight sector鈥檚 own plan is for emissions to remain at 2020 levels for 15 years through carbon offsetting. After that there鈥檚 no plan in place at the Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for substantial reductions other than a large-scale deployment of sustainable aviation fuels.鈥� Christopher Surgenor, Editor, London-based newsletter GreenAir Online

鈥淸鈥�] in the European aviation sector will be inextricably linked to its environmental sustainability.鈥� European Aviation Environmental Report, 2016.

鈥淎n extensive reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in aviation [by 2050] can only be reached with synthetic fuels, because switching to alternative propulsion systems 鈥� which have yet to be developed 鈥� on a large scale by 2050 is unrealistic.鈥� Industry association BDI in its .

鈥淭he inclusion of aviation in European emissions trading should not lead to a distortion of competition to the detriment of European (freight) airlines.鈥� Air Freight Sector in Germany (2015), Co-statement of Federation of German Industries (BDI) and the German Aviation Association (BDL), 2014

The problem:

The rapid expansion of international aviation in recent years has made the sector one of the most quickly-growing sources of international greenhouse gas emissions. Direct aviation emissions already of global emissions, roughly equivalent to the total greenhouse gas output of Germany.

Aircraft CO鈧� emissions within the EU . By 2020, emissions are projected to be about 70 percent higher than in 2005 and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) forecasts that the sector's greenhouse gas output could grow by a further 300 to 700 percent by 2050.聽

Emissions from international aviation are listed in the national emissions inventories sent to the IPCC as a memo item, but they are not included in total emissions. emissions in 2016 for international aviation, which equals about 3 percent of its total emissions reported that year.

With about 2.4 million tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions, German domestic aviation of its total CO鈧� output in 2016.

Besides its considerable CO鈧� footprint, aviation is responsible for other greenhouse gases (such as water vapour, aerosols and nitrogen oxides) that contribute to global warming. A 1999 , prepared by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), estimated the total impact of aircrafts on the climate to be two to four times higher than that of their CO鈧� emissions alone. However, the effect of non-CO鈧� emissions hinges on the conditions under which they are emitted, namely flight altitude, time of a given day or the weather at a given location. Further research is required to better understand and control these mechanisms, .

For export-oriented Germany, air cargo plays an important role in the country's total aviation emissions - but hard numbers on the freigth sectors impact are lacking. About half of all goods moved in and out of the country are , but in the belly of passenger planes, making a distinction between freight-related emissions and passenger-related emissions rather difficult. German cargo planes use 30-60 percent less fuel per weight unit than passenger planes, because the available space can be used more effectively, . Fuel costs can comprise up to 30 percent of an airline's total operating costs.

The share of aviation in total transport emissions is predicted to rise steadily as the globalisation of travel and trade intensifies. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) forecasts that the total air cargo quantity will rise to tonnes in 2018 鈥� up from nearly 60 million tonnes moved in 2017, which already had been a banner year for the industry.

percent of German exports were moved around with aircrafts in 2014, which in terms of emissions is the costliest of cargo carrier options. It is therefore mostly used for items that are either very expenisve, urgently needed or easily perishable, the German Aviation Association says.

Airports in Germany deal with more freight than those in any other EU country by far ( tonnes in 2016, nearly twice that of France, its closest competitor). As for freight logistics companies, Germany is top in the world with the freight forwarders all based in the country: DHL Supply Chain, K眉hne + Nagel, and DB Schenker. And then there鈥檚 Germany鈥檚 aviation heavyweight Lufthansa, which owns Lufthansa Cargo, .

The Fix:

In 2009, the global aviation industry by 1.5 percent a year and set a goal to halve net emissions by 2050, compared to 2005 levels. The German Aviation Association says the sector has increased its efficiency by since 1990 for domestic flights, yielding a in total CO鈧� emissions. It attributes these gains to lighter-weight materials, better cargo organisation, and the improved fuel efficiency of engines.

Cutting total aviation emissions in half, however, is another story. Transport logistics experts that this will require significantly more investment, fundamental changes in aircraft technology, and the adoption of low-carbon fuels 鈥� high hurdles for an industry that often operates on tight profit margins.

Since 2012, emissions from flights within Europe have been reported to the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), and thus are subject to carbon pricing. With the EU ETS, the EU wanted to create a market mechanism that determines a price for CO2 emissions and creates incentives to reduce emissions in the most effective way.

Originally, the aviation regulation covered all flights to and from European airports, but following international criticism, the scope was , in order to create 鈥渁 window of opportunity鈥� to support the development of a global solution by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). At the end of 2017, the to prolong the exemption for flights outside of its territory to the end of 2023.

Brussels-based watchdog Transport & Environment argues that the , as it serves as a model for others and enjoys a high degree of compliance. Because of the low CO鈧� permit prices that result from an oversupply of allowances, however, the aviation EU ETS has not yet had the desired impact on aviation emissions, says Transport & Environment.

According to the organisation, emission reduction from the aviation sector's inclusion in the ETS cannot be quantified yet. The European Commission, however, that the system has contributed to reducing the aviation sector鈥檚 emissions by more than 17 million tonnes a year.

The Paris Climate Agreement does not mention international aviation, and the UNFCCC and ICAO cooperate to address its climate impact. After years of stalling, ICAO settled on a carbon offsetting scheme for international flights. The (CORSIA), which will run from 2020 to 2035, requires airlines to monitor emissions on international routes and to buy and surrender 鈥渆mission units,鈥� the modest goal of which is to keep emissions at the 2020 level, not to reduce them.

Participation will be voluntary during the pilot and first phase from 2021 to 2026, and countries responsible for more than 80 percent of global aviation activity to do so, including all EU countries. Based on this, CORSIA should offset about above 2020 levels between 2021 and 2035.

As for , a key component of ICAO鈥檚 vision, some critics are sceptical that they will actually help 鈥� and not hurt if the wrong sources are cultivated. The International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) 鈥渧egetable oil-based feedstocks tend to have a higher carbon intensity than conventional jet fuel when land-use change effects are taken into consideration, and only [alternative fuels] from lignocellulosic energy crops, agricultural residues, and waste feedstocks are shown to provide substantial emission reductions compared to conventional jet fuel.鈥�

Electric aviation, possibly in hybrid solutions that include low-carbon fuels, is not just a distant vision, says Josef Kallo, director of the Institute for Energy Conversion and Storage at Ulm University [Read the full interview with the 暗网福利app here]. For flights ranging up to about 1,500 kilometres, Kallo says that combining electric motors with fuel cell technology is feasible - but at a high price. 鈥淎s long as kerosine remains as cheap as it is today,鈥� says Kallo, 鈥渁nd as long as we don鈥檛 worry about external costs such as environmental damages and climate change, conventional technologies will always have a cost advantage.鈥�